Born in September 1918 at Natai village of Brahmanbaria of the erstwhile Comilla district which is now in Bangladesh, Comrade Bhanu Ghosh joined the freedom movement as well as Communist Party activities when he was a school student. Drawn to communist ideology by contact with his uncle Bipin Ghosh, a front party ranking communist leader of Comilla, Comrade Bhanu Ghosh jointed the communist party as a whole-timer after passing the matriculation, obtaining party membership in 1942 under Comilla district committee of the party. In the same year he was underground for one year in a political case. After serving the sentence, he went underground to build up party organisation in Comilla among the unorganised workers. After partition, forced by Islamic fundamentalist attack on the banned communist party, he migrated to Agartala in 1950 along with one of his elder brother, Kanu Ghosh. The two brothers joined the then Communist Party’s underground activities in Tripura and following the revocation of the ban on the party on the eve of the first parliamentary polls in India in 1952, he started as a whole-timer at the state headquarter of the party, when he had experience of assisting Dr. Bijoy Bose, member of the Indian Medical Team to China, who was then in charge of looking after the electoral activities of the party in Tripura.

In 1953, in the first state conference of the party, Comrade Bhanu Ghosh was elected member of the party state committee. He dedicated himself to building up trade unions among the bidi workers, day-labourers and hawkers. He was the founder secretary of bidi workers association and was one of the leaders of the "United Council of Refugees" brought into existence by the massive movement of the Communist Party to press for suitable rehabilitation of refugees from East Pakistan.

Since his arrival in Tripura in 1950 he had been in the vanguard of each and every mass movement in Tripura throughout his life. He had been representing Tripura each party Congress since the Communist Party’s Fourth Congress in 1956 in Kerala. This front ranking fighter of the party for the cause of democracy, development and social justice for both the Bengalee refugees and the minority tribals in Tripura, had to suffer various repression including incarceration during the Congress regime in the state. He was arrested on political grounds in 1962, 1964, 1965 and 1968 and was lodged in the jails like Hazaribagh, Bhagalpur, and Calcutta. In 1975, on promulgation of emergency he went underground when arrest warrant was issued against him under MISA and was arrested towards the end of emergency.